Bryozoa, the Sea Mats and Phoronids
Bryozoa
Bryozoa, the Sea Mats
Adults of Sea Mats are so called as they create flat, dense colonies on seaweeds and rocks. Each individual secrets a tough "cell" in which the tiny creature lives, glued to its surrounding neighbours, clones of the original juvenile to settle there. They produce huge numbers of larvae with the most common type called a cyphonautes. These are liberated into the plankton and can spend several weeks growing and dispersing. This is why they are the most abundant larval form to be seen, sometimes in huge densities.
A selection of cyphonautes are shown here including one that is lablled to show the various organs and the flow of water through the larva (blue arrow). The shape is a flattened triangle. They can be seen at most times of the year but some months, e.g. November and March, they can be especially common.


Mature cyphonautes


A young cyphonautes

A second type of bryozoan larva is the coronate form. Like a fluffy ball under low magnification moving rapidly around they are covered in a corona of cilia with a small sensory tuft. They are released soon after dawn and remain in the plankton for just hours before settling. They can be very common in spring samples taken early in the day although the period of release can be for just a few weeks.
The red example shown here is a large (800 - 900 microns) coronate from an invasive species called the Red Ripple Bryozoan Watersipora subatra. Normally they are small, 150 - 200 microns, and grey.

Phoronids
Phoronids are often linked with bryozoa but are classified in a different phylum. They have a very strange larva that can spend a month or more in the plankton. When first released from the adult it immediately starts to produce appendages. The photo below has around 6- 8 which indicates that it is less than 12 hours old. These are the types of specimen found in seashore plankton, young individuals. As it ages it gradually moves away from the shore and the number of extensions continue upwards of 40-50. Eventually the larva, now several millimetres in height matures into an adult.


Quick Links:
Arrow & Acorn Worms
Bryozoa & Phoronids
Crustacea 1 - Copepods
Crustacea 2 - Larval Crab & Barnacle
Diatoms
Echinoderms
Foramens
Jellies - Cnidarians & Ctenophores
Molluscs
Parasites - flatworms & crustacea
Polychaetes - marine worms
Protists 1 - Dinoflagellates
Protists 2 - Ciliates
Rotifers
Tunicates
Decay, Oddities and Unknowns

A mature Phoronis larva found off-shore and approximately 4 mm tall.
